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Mireya Elisa Moscoso Rodríguez de Arias (born July 1, 1946) was Panama's first female president, serving from 1999 to 2004. Born into a poor family, Moscoso became active in the 1968 presidential campaign of three-time president Arnulfo Arias, following and marrying him when he went into exile after a military coup. After his death in 1988, she assumed control of his coffee business and later his political party, the Arnulfista Party (PA). During the 1994 general elections for the presidency, she narrowly lost to the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) candidate Ernesto Pérez Balladares by 4% of the vote. In the 1999 general election, she defeated the PRD candidate Martín Torrijos by 8% to become Panama's first female president. During her tenure in office, she presided over the handover of the Panama Canal from the US to Panama and the economic downturn that resulted from the loss of US personnel. Hobbled by new spending restrictions passed by the opposition-controlled Legislative Assembly, and her administration's corruption scandals, she had difficulty passing her legislative initiatives. Her popularity declined, and her party's candidate José Miguel Alemán lost to the PRD's Torrijos in the subsequent general elections to succeed her. == Background == Moscoso is the daughter of a schoolteacher and was born into a poor family in Pedasí, Panama as the youngest of six children. She later worked as a secretary and joined the 1968 presidential campaign of Arnulfo Arias;〔 Arias had already served two partial terms as president, both times being deposed by the Panamanian military. He won the presidency but was again deposed by the military, this time after only nine days in office. Arias went into exile in Miami, Florida in the US, and Moscoso followed, marrying him the subsequent year.〔 She was 23, and he was 67. During this period, Moscoso studied interior design at Miami-Dade Community College. After Arias' 1988 death, she inherited his coffee business. On September 29, 1991, almost two years after the US invasion of Panama that overthrew Manuel Noriega, she became president of her former husband's Arnulfista Party.〔 Also in 1991, Moscoso married businessman Richard Gruber. The couple adopted a son, Richard (born 1992). Moscoso and Gruber divorced in 1997.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mireya Moscoso」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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